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Abhyudaya Kelkar

There was a mysterious civilization in our land. It arose without any tangible reason like ambitions of monarchs, aggression, military conquest, etc. Similarly, it vanished without any justifiable reason. Almost every aspect of this grand civilization is highly debatable. What is evident is the remarkable urban centres, systematic lifestyle, highly advanced technology and other achievements befitting any great civilization. As far as achievements are concerned, the IVC had its own share, sometimes equalling and sometimes excelling Mesopotamia, Egypt and China.The Indus Valley Civilization, had the largest area among all the Bronze Age civilizations. And its successful survival for more than a millennium intensifies the mystery buried under the sands of Pakistani and Indian deserts. Abhyudaya will discuss all possible aspects of this scantily studied mysterious civilization in as detailed manner as necessary.

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English

Ancient History: Indus Valley Civilization and Bronze Age in India

Indian History

Indus Valley Civilization

Ancient History

History

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Overview

The accidental discovery of Harappa in the early 19th century brought to limelight an otherwise anonymous civilization. We know Indus Valley Civilization only through its location in the Indus Basin or Indus Valley. There is an interesting story around the beginning of excavation of the various IVC sites. Moreover, there are many peculiarities attached to certain important IVC sites that are explained in this lesson. The students are advised to watch the map very carefully. This map will act as the foundation stone for basic overview and insight of the IVC during the forthcoming lessons. Although there are some 2500 identified IVC sites, out of which around 1000 are under excavation, only selected 22 sites have been mentioned and discussed here, in this lesson. The students are also expected to notice the important points regarding the sites to avoid unnecessary repetitions during future lessons.

Discovery and Major Sites

This is one of the smallest yet among the most important lessons of this part. So it is a request to watch it with exceptional care because the future lessons will involve the cross-reference of this lesson. Every aspect of the IVC will require the reference of the various periods of IVC. Usually, the history of the IVC is split into following three phases: 1.	Early Harappan Phase 2.	Mature Harappan Phase 3.	Late Harappan Phase We will discuss in detail about the duration of these periods and certain indicators thereof. Apart from the above, there are two very vital questions we generally neglect to answer. 1.	Is there any difference between the usually interchangeably used terms ‘culture’ and ‘civilization'? 2.	How could a civilization develop in Indus Valley?

Periodization of Indus Valley Civilization

The IVC shows remarkable achievements in the field of art & architecture, along with science and technology. The architecture section will be separately discussed in a later lesson. Here we will talk about IVC art and technology. The accuracy and details of art is noteworthy, as evidenced from various available artifacts. So this lesson will cover the characteristics of various objects, artifacts, pottery, seals, etc. The section of seals will be particularly very important as these seals will be referred to in many other future lessons. A civilization has an eternal relationship with science and technology. IVC was a scientifically and technologically advanced civilization. It had a credit of inventions of many things. Use of binary-decimal system and standardized uniform weights and measures are the most prominent among these. So it will cover one of the basic questions regarding IVC that as to why it should be called a ‘civilization’.

Indus Valley Art and Technology

This lesson will deal with the socio-cultural aspects of the IVC, which is one of the few basic pre-requisites of a civilization.
 How did the people live their daily lives? What did they eat? What did they wear? Where did they live? What did they do, when they had nothing to do? All this will be discussed in this lesson.
 Apart from the above, the hardly known religious beliefs and traditions will also be taken into account. It is expected that the students watch the pictures very carefully as their description and visualization will help them a lot to understand the main aspects of the IVC in various contexts.
 Efforts have been made to focus on the otherwise neglected facets of the IVC society and seldom discussed areas. 
 Various factors regarding Indus script and language have also been detailed. Although the language and script remain largely undeciphered, yet we have made efforts to enlist all the necessary characteristics of both.

Indus Valley Civilization's Society and Culture

The most striking feature of the IVC is the town-planning. The concept of town planning itself is a cumbersome one even today. But these IVC cities were planned ab-initio. This fact makes the case of the civilization very interesting. Moreover, the material used and its durability are some of the wonders of IVC architecture. The lesson has two sections: 1.	Private houses for family use and personal use. 2.	Public structures or civil structures, for common use. The systematically laid plans and interconnectivity of each individual house to main roads and main sewage line is quite unique. In addition, certain important points of Harappa, Mohenjo Daro and Dholavira have also been outlined. These all features are discussed in considerable detail in this lesson.

Architecture and Town Planning of Indus Valley Civilization

The economy of the IVC is a dubious section with very less certainty of facts available. But we will try to reconstruct the economic model with whatever scanty we are having about the IVC agriculture, industry and infrastructure.
 Agriculture does not appear to be the predominant economic activity. On the contrary, trade and commerce were the most widespread and dominant activity throughout the area covered by the IVC.
 Infrastructure is quite evident – use of canals and probable use of roads for transportation of goods.
 The foreign trade was likely to exist, but the scale is debatable. However, the abundance of industrial and commercial activities in IVC ensure the existence of a bustling foreign trade. We will dig deeper into the issue in this lesson.
 We will also try to recognize industrial centres of the IVC.

The Economy of Indus Valley Civilization

The IVC disappeared as mysteriously as it appeared. No conclusive evidence of extinction has been found so far. There are many theories and hypotheses about the decline and extinction of the IVC. These are based partially on facts and partially on possibilities and speculations. Among these, the prominent factors are highlighted and detailed in this lesson. This lesson involves the use of maps, which the students should carefully watch and note down the important points because some of the points are rarely discussed. The extinction of a major river, equivalent to Indus, was a major cause of decline. Let us see how the Ghaggar-Hakra, usually called ‘Saraswati’ river, dried up and finished the eastern domains of the IVC. In addition to all this, we will also talk about who succeeded the IVC and in which region. The immediate succession is also seldom discussed. So we will see both the aspects in this lesson: Decline of the IVC and its succession.

The Decline and Succession of the Indus Valley Civilization

This is the final lesson of the Part-II where we will discuss the definite aspects evidenced from various archaeological finds and the confusions evolved due to such discoveries. So this lesson will be divided into two parts: 1.	The Conclusions: What we can summarize and conclude about the IVC from the century-long relentless excavation exercise, the involvement of thousands of archaeologists and scholars and discoveries elsewhere. 2.	The Confusions: There are certain questions that remain unsolved till date due to various reasons (which we will discuss here). Further, many archaeological discoveries have given birth to multiple new questions surrounding the IVC, which further mystified the already anonymous and mysterious civilization. Instead of solving the riddle, it became more complicated on certain fronts. Let us talk about all these elements in detail.

Confusions and Conclusions

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Lessons

9 lessons • 1h 19m

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Overview

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Discovery and Major Sites

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Periodization of Indus Valley Civilization

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Indus Valley Art and Technology

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Indus Valley Civilization's Society and Culture

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Architecture and Town Planning of Indus Valley Civilization

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The Economy of Indus Valley Civilization

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The Decline and Succession of the Indus Valley Civilization

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Confusions and Conclusions