Structural measures involve physical engineering interventions (dams, seawalls, retrofitting, flood embankments) to reduce hazard impact on exposed populations; non-structural measures include policies, legislation, land-use planning, building codes, community awareness, and early warning systems

Structural measures include early warning systems and public education campaigns; non-structural measures include dams, levees, and earthquake-resistant buildings

Structural measures are always more cost-effective than non-structural measures and should always be prioritized in national DRR investment strategies

Structural measures are exclusively applicable to earthquake hazards; non-structural measures apply only to flood and cyclone risks